Census Working Papers

U.S. Census Bureau "Working Papers" have not undergone the review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications. These working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on a variety of topics.

View lists of working papers by series

Estimating Tip and Overtime Deductions Using the CPS ASEC Tax Model

September 08, 2026

Working Paper Number SEHSD-WP2026-20

This paper presents estimates of the new deductions for tip and overtime income derived from the Census Bureau's CPS ASEC Tax Model.

The Long-Run Effects of Parental Homeownership and Housing Quality

Working Paper Number CES-26-54

This paper links American Housing Survey data to administrative records to analyze the long term effects of homeownership.

Differences in Usability Between Three Date-entry Designs

Date-picker, date-entry, usability, drop-down, text-entry, calendar

The Distribution and Consequences of Natural Disasters

Working Paper Number CES-26-53

This paper uses linked administrative data to study the individual level economic impact of wildfires.

Revising Supplemental Poverty Measure Estimates from 2019 to 2024

August 19, 2026

Working Paper Number SEHSD-WP2026-17

This paper corrects SPM poverty estimates from 2019 to 2024.

2025 Pop Controls' Effect on 2024 Income, Poverty & Health Insurance

Working Paper Number SEHSD-WP2026-16

This paper shows the impact of Vintage 2025 population controls on key 2024 income, poverty, and health insurance estimates in the CPS ASEC.

Cleansing Floods? Creative Destruction and Government Spending

Working Paper Number CES-26-52

This paper unpacks the creative destruction process that follows large federally declared floods and the role of government spending in post-disaster recovery.

Regional Trends in Hospitals in the United States

Working Paper Number CES-26-51

This study examines national and regional trends in hospital establishments, employment, and regional concentration over three decades (1987-2019).

CTRL+EXP+DEL: The Domestic Costs of U.S. Export Controls

Working Paper Number CES-26-50

We present statistics on the prevalence of U.S. export controls, the types of firms that export controlled products, and the impact of controls on producers.

CTC and ACTC Participation Results and IRS-Census Match Methodology

Working Paper Number CES-26-49

We combine Census survey and IRS administrative data to estimate participation in the Child Tax Credit and Additional Child Tax Credit programs for 2021.

Extending Place-Based Innovation Policy to Rural Areas

Working Paper Number CES-26-48

Rural firms’ innovation gap stems mostly from deficits in digital infrastructure, R&D, and human capital—not from rural location itself.

Desperate Capital Breeds Productivity Loss

Working Paper Number CES-26-47

More underfunded U.S. public pensions earn lower average PE returns and match with smaller average GPs. Target firms financed see labor productivity declines.

Screening Out the Needy: The Effects of SNAP Work Requirements

Working Paper Number CES-26-46

SNAP work requirements reduce participation by 7% without raising employment and disproportionately screen out lower-income recipients.

Male-Female Gap in Disability Converges with Higher Education

Working Paper Number SEHSD-WP2026-15

This paper conducts cohort analysis of Activities of Daily Living disability by educational attainment and sex for ages 65-69.

Who Hires Whom?

Working Paper Number CES-26-45

Entrepreneurs build organizations that are better able to make use of workers from similar backgrounds.

Comparing Methods for Constructing Confidence Regions for Rankings

Comparing Methods for Constructing Confidence Regions for Rankings

Access to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program ...

Working Paper Number CES-26-44

This study provides guidance in understanding the Census Bureau and USDA, FNA (formerly FNS) estimates of WIC eligibility, participation, and access rates.

Integrating Administrative and Survey Data to Estimate WIC

Working Paper Number CES-26-43

This paper details the data linkage and estimation methods used to produce WIC eligibility and access rates at the state, county, and demographic levels.

Minimum Wages and the Rise of the Robots

Working Paper Number CES-26-42

Minimum wage hikes spur automation: a 10% rise in the wage floor increases manufacturing robot adoption by ~8%, new plant-level Census data show.

The Variation of SNAP Receipt by Survey

Working Paper Number SEHSD-WP2026-13

This paper explores the differences in SNAP receipt between the CPS ASEC, the ACS, and the SIPP.

What Happens to Contractors After States Ban Affirmative Action?

Working Paper Number CES-26-41

Using business survey data linked to the LBD, I explore how affirmative action bans in state contracting affect minority and women-owned business enterprises.

Tip of the Iceberg: How Much Do Tips Bunch at Reporting Thresholds?

Working Paper Number CES-26-40

We use tax reports of restaurant workers and employers to measure the importance of bunching in reported tip income in response to minimum-wage incentives.

The Impact of Female Teachers on Female Students’ Lifetime Well-Being

Working Paper Number CES-26-39

When women had more female teachers at young ages, they completed more education, married later and better, had higher household earnings, and died later.

Model-based or Hot deck? Imputing Item Non-Response Data in the SIPP

Working Paper Number SEHSD-WP2026-14 / SIPP-WP-326

This research uses SIPP data to show that modern statistical methods, such as MICE and XGBoost, produce more accurate estimates than hot deck imputation.

Experimental Capture/Recapture Estimation

Working Paper Number CES-26-38

This report documents some of the research results from the Administrative Records Dual System Estimation study.

Flood Risk, Insurance, and Housing in the United States

Working Paper Number CES-26-37

This paper uses the Environmental Impacts Frame to highlight new facts about the distribution of flood risk in the US.

Multivariate Ratio Edits Based on Parametric and Nonparametric Tole...

Multivariate Ratio Edits Based on Parametric and Nonparametric Tolerance Intervals

Commuting Measures in the SIPP and the ACS

Working Paper Number SEHSD-WP2026-10 / SIPP-WP-325

This working paper examines how the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the American Community Survey compare in measurement of commuting behaviors.

Results of ASEC Cognitive Interviews, Round 2 (March 2026)

Results from Qualitative Testing of the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS): Cognitive Interviews to Prepare for

Validating the Supplemental Poverty Measure in the ACS

Working Paper Number SEHSD-WP2026-12

Comparing ACS and CPS Supplemental Poverty Measure estimates for 2009–2023, this paper traces the persistent gap to its imputed elements.

New U.S. Business Establishments: Surging or Stalling?

Working Paper Number CES-26-36

BLS reports many more workplaces than Census because it records twice as many multi-establishment firms, and includes more home health care employees.

Military Service and Immigrants’ Integration

Working Paper Number CES-26-35

Does military service help immigrants assimilate? New research finds the answer is self-selection—not service itself.

Remote Work and Residential Sorting

Working Paper Number CES-26-34

Through quasi-random variation in office lease expirations, remote work causes migration for lower income taxes, public schools, space, and homeownership.

Cash the King of (Promised) Incentives for All Subpopulations?

Data collected on respondents' incentive preference indicate that cash is no longer king of (promised) incentives.

Employees in the US Nonprofit Sector

Working Paper Number CES-26-33

This paper is the first to use administrative data to quantify the causes of the nonprofit pay gap. The 12% pay penalty is mostly causal, not due to selection.

The Impact of Expanding Public Health Insurance on Safety Net Program

Working Paper Number CES-26-32

The ACA Medicaid expansion raised participation in food assistance and some cash programs, mainly due to higher take-up conditional on eligibility.

Page Last Revised - January 3, 2024

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